Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – ADHD

What is ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which children have difficulty maintaining attention, controlling behaviour, and sitting calmly for long periods. Some children are extremely energetic and restless, while others frequently shift from one task to another without completing it.

ADHD may occur due to genetic factors, differences in brain development, and environmental influences. It is often noticed first in school because children struggle to stay focused during learning activities.

Main Symptoms of ADHD

1) Inattention

• Losing focus during lessons
• Leaving classwork or homework incomplete
• Forgetting things easily
• Not completing tasks even after hearing instructions
• Frequently losing books, pencils, or other belongings

2) Hyperactivity

• Constant movement or fidgeting
• Difficulty sitting still on a chair
• Restlessness in the classroom, moving hands and feet
• Always wanting to be active or busy

3) Impulsivity

• Interrupting others while they are speaking
• Answering questions before explanations are completed
• Difficulty waiting for their turn
• Engaging in sudden or risky actions

How ADHD Affects a Child’s Learning

• Difficulty maintaining attention during lessons → slower learning progress
• Gets distracted while writing → incomplete work
• Trouble following instructions step by step
• Low patience in group activities → conflicts with peers
• Lack of consistency → more mistakes in exams

Ways to Support Children with ADHD at School

1. Break tasks into small steps
   Example: “Write the first two lines on this page,” then give the next instruction. This helps children complete tasks successfully.
2. Use Positive Reinforcement
   Praise good behaviour with simple statements like:
   “Very good! You focused for five minutes.”
   This boosts confidence and motivation.
3. Use Visual Schedules or Picture-Based Instructions
   Show activities using pictures such as “writing time,” “drawing time,” or “story time.” Children with ADHD learn better with visual support.
4. Seat the child near the front of the class
   This reduces distractions and improves focus.
5. Provide Movement Breaks
   Allow short standing or stretching breaks every 15–20 minutes.
6. Use Simple and Clear Language
   Give short instructions such as:
   “Open page 10.”
   “Copy the first line.”
7. Avoid Overloading with Work
   Too much or very long work increases restlessness and frustration.
8. Maintain Regular Communication with Parents
   A consistent home routine, proper sleep, and fixed study time help manage symptoms.

Treatment and Management of ADHD

• Behaviour Therapy
• Parent Counselling
• Support from a Special Educator
• Medication (only as advised by a doctor)
• Cognitive activities designed to improve attention and focus